{"id":1635,"date":"2014-07-29T00:33:36","date_gmt":"2014-07-28T21:33:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/?p=1635"},"modified":"2017-05-12T00:45:20","modified_gmt":"2017-05-11T21:45:20","slug":"cografi-kesiflerin-dogusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/?p=1635","title":{"rendered":"Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fiflerin Do\u011fu\u015fu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sonun Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131:
\nPireneleri a\u015fan m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar 732 tarihinde Paris\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz kilometre g\u00fcneyinde Poitiers’de, Bel\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015e\u00fched\u00e2 sava\u015f\u0131nda duraklayana kadar ilerlemi\u015flerdi. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7ine bu denli yakla\u015fan m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda, devlette, askeri anlay\u0131\u015fta zoraki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmu\u015f, her f\u0131rsatta do\u011fuya ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri d\u00fczenlenmesinin alt\u0131nda yatan \u015fovalye ruhunu ate\u015flemi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0130ber yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan Afrika\u2019ya do\u011fru geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmelerinin ard\u0131nda erken d\u00f6nem modern devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fma s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Onbe\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde Reconquista\u2019n\u0131n neredeyse sonuna gelinmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fusunda hen\u00fcz Konstantinopolis\u2019i fethetmemi\u015f olsa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, bat\u0131s\u0131nda ise kuvvetli H\u0131ristiyan imparatorluklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kuzey Afrika ve End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019te ise m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar vard\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn enerji i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelere harcan\u0131yordu. Ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n hen\u00fcz yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde Kuzey Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem Avrupa n\u00fcf\u00fcsunda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme denk gelmekteydi. Sava\u015f her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi o d\u00f6nemde de pahal\u0131 bir i\u015fti. Sava\u015f\u0131 finanse edebilecek kadar organize ve disiplinli bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 belirleyici bir rol oynayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ond\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki veba salg\u0131n\u0131ndan kurtulduktan sonra Portekiz saray\u0131nda eldeki ate\u015fli silah ve gemi teknolojilerinin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki Sebte liman\u0131n\u0131n ticari imkanlar\u0131 i\u015ftah kabartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 1415 y\u0131l\u0131nda kenti m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinden ald\u0131lar. Bu sayede Akdeniz ve Atlantik aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f noktalar\u0131na hakimiyet sa\u011flayan Portekiz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir avantaj yakalam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

\"Fern\u00e3o<\/a>
Fern\u00e3o Vaz Dourado’nun 1571 tarihli haritas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Portekizliler Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019dan gelen k\u00f6le ve alt\u0131n limanlar\u0131na art\u0131k daha yak\u0131nd\u0131lar. Bu durum, 1430 y\u0131l\u0131nda karavel ad\u0131 verilen uzun menzilli ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kargo kapasiteli gemilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi sonucunu verdi. 1419\u2019dan sonra Atlantik\u2019teki Kanarya Adalar\u0131 ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f ve iskana a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1434 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Portekizliler, Bojador Burnu\u2019nun g\u00fcneyindeki gizemli sulara a\u00e7\u0131lacak cesaret, bulmu\u015flard\u0131. Do\u011fu\u2019da Hen\u00fcz \u0130stanbul\u2019un Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmedi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekelim\u2026<\/p>\n

Portekizli ve \u0130spanyol denizciler bu tarihten sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k k\u0131rk y\u0131l s\u00fcresince Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan g\u00fcneye ilerleme konusunda bir duraklama ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Fas\u2019taki \u00fc\u00e7 ana m\u00fcsl\u00fcman a\u015firet bu y\u00f6ndeki ticareti ve askeri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan gelen rakiplerine kapt\u0131rd\u0131lar. O d\u00f6nemde birbirleriyle, ileriki tarihlerde de Osmanl\u0131 ile Akdeniz y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesine girmeyi tercih ettiler. Okyanus ve bilinmeyen engin denizler ile Portekizliler aras\u0131nda bir engel yoktu.<\/p>\n

Portekizliler gelece\u011fi g\u00f6rerek \u201cHindistan\u2019a giden bir deniz yolu bulmam\u0131z laz\u0131m\u201d demiyorlard\u0131. Hindistan ve \u00c7in\u2019e; \u0130pek Yolu ve K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz \u00fczerinden ula\u015fmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki se\u00e7enekler efsane ve hayallerden ibaretti. En can al\u0131c\u0131 noktalar \u015funlar:<\/p>\n

A- Her \u015fey tedricen oldu.
\nB- Motivasyonlar ve imkanlar birlikte do\u011fdu. Yani Askeri, Ticari, Dini motivasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k denizlerde yol alabilen gemilerin in\u015fa edilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakarak y\u00f6n tayini birbiriyle ilgisiz de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Portekizli denizciler Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ileri karakollar ve ticaret limanlar\u0131 kurdular. Bunlar gelecekte \u201ckoloni\u201d halini alacak yerle\u015fimlerin ilk habercileriydi. Nihayet F\u0131rt\u0131nalar Burnu (Cabo das Tormentas) 1488 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bartolomeu Dias taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve devam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla geldi. Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler – S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve takibeden y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu ikisinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyecek bilimsel teknolojik devrim, Sanayi Devrimi\u2026 K\u0131sacas\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendiren, iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, b\u00fcy\u00fck olaylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Kuzey Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in b\u00f6ylesi b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler do\u011furan hareketleri \u00e7ok iyi okumak, analiz etmek gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Kendinizi onbe\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131la ve ilgili mekanlara g\u00f6nderebilseydiniz, nas\u0131l g\u00f6zlemler yap\u0131yor olacakt\u0131n\u0131z? \u0130nsanlar ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131? Olaylar\u0131 nas\u0131l okuyorlar, eylemlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ne derece kestirebiliyorlard\u0131? Geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fcn\u00fcz? Hangi olaylar, hangi b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlere gebe olabilecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir? Buras\u0131 romantizmin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olabilir. Hamasi ve romantik hayallere kap\u0131ld\u0131ysan\u0131z yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilk sat\u0131r\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Andrew Hess’in K\u00fcre Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Unutulmu\u015f S\u0131n\u0131rlar isimli nefis kitab\u0131nda konuyla ilgili doyurucu bilgiler mevcut. Terc\u00fcme: \u00d6zg\u00fcr Kol\u00e7ak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sonun Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131: Pireneleri a\u015fan m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar 732 tarihinde Paris\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz kilometre g\u00fcneyinde Poitiers’de, Bel\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015e\u00fched\u00e2 sava\u015f\u0131nda duraklayana kadar ilerlemi\u015flerdi. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7ine bu denli yakla\u015fan m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Avrupal\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda, devlette, askeri anlay\u0131\u015fta zoraki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmu\u015f, her f\u0131rsatta do\u011fuya ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri d\u00fczenlenmesinin alt\u0131nda yatan \u015fovalye ruhunu ate\u015flemi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0130ber yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan Afrika\u2019ya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[100,85,165,164,62,22],"class_list":["post-1635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cesitli","tag-afrika","tag-bati","tag-cografi-kesifler","tag-cografya","tag-ilginc","tag-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1635"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1647,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1635\/revisions\/1647"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}