Brian Morris\u2019in \u0130mge\u2019den 2004\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan Tayfun Atay terc\u00fcmesi Din \u00dczerine Antropolojik \u0130ncelemeler isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130deoloji Olarak Din ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yazar modern zamanlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyologundan biri kabul etti\u011fi Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6zetleme niyetini ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bunu yapmadan \u00f6nce de Marx\u2019\u0131 \u015fekillendiren Hegel ve Feuerbach \u00fczerine \u00f6zet ama bir o kadar da dolu bir metin sunuyor. Ayd\u0131nlanma sonras\u0131 felsefi ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya tarihinde \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00f6nemli bir role sahip Marx\u2019\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 bir kaynak oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm bu ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmden Hegel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve etkisinin \u00f6zetlendi\u011fi, alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fim b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 merakl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya ald\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fczerinde Hegel\u2019in paradoksal ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir etkisi vard\u0131r. Hegel d\u00fcnyay\u0131 organik bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak kavram\u0131\u015f ve poitivist bilimin \u00e7e\u015fitli ikiciliklerini birle\u015ftirme yoluna gitmi\u015ftir: Ruh ve do\u011fa, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve zorunluluk, \u00f6znellik ve nesnellik gibi… Hegel\u2019in etkisi \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fritjof Capra, Ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Kavran\u0131\u015f\u0131 – Yeni Bir Paradigma adl\u0131 eserinde Hegel\u2019in bir y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikirleri ifade etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan bat\u0131 bilimsel gelene\u011fi geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Hegel metafizi\u011fine bir tepki, hatta kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece Ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ilkelerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve daha ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu poz\u015ft\u015fv\u015fst vizyon, mekanist ve ikici d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte fiilen hala hakim paradigmad\u0131r ve ba\u015fta iktisat ve psikoloji olmak \u00fczere insan bilimlerine n\u00fcfuz etmi\u015ftir. Foucault\u2019nun \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, Hegel felsefesinden kurtarma m\u00fccadelesi verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n Hegel\u2019in en derin iste\u011fi kendi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Ayd\u0131nlanma ve onu izleyen Romantizmin harekete ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7leri uzla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Ak\u0131l ile ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi, ger\u00e7ek ile ideali ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile do\u011fay\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rma yolundaki tutku ancak her me\u015fru kayna\u011f\u0131 organik bir b\u00fct\u00fcn alt\u0131nda kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir sistemle birle\u015ftirmek olabilirdi. Hegel mekanist bilimin ve Kant felsefesinin do\u011furdu\u011fu ve ona g\u00f6re insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in esasl\u0131 ve gerekli t\u00fcm ikilikleri – tin(d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce) ve do\u011fa, bilgi ve tutku, ak\u0131l ve ahlak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve zorunluluk, ideal ve ger\u00e7eklik, insan \u00f6znelli\u011fi ve toplumsall\u0131k- kapsamaya ve a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n Hegel de di\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 gibi (ba\u015fta Herakleitos ve Aristoteles olmak \u00fczere) Yunan filozoflar\u0131na hayranl\u0131k besliyordu. Hegel i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenebilecek ilk \u015fey, onun en temel anlamda, bir tarih d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fudur. Onun temel nosyonler\u0131 (Geist -tin-, ak\u0131l, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck), yaln\u0131zca tarihsel bir ba\u011flam ve kozik s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde anlam ve \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Hegel evren hakk\u0131ndki do\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini (Hindu karma kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131), sonsuz de\u011fi\u015fim devrelerinin kabul\u00fcyle birlikte benimser. Hegel\u2019e g\u00f6re t\u00fcm ger\u00e7eklik yani tin ve do\u011fa, s\u00fcrekli bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7indedir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 gibi Hegel\u2019de de Avrupa-merkezci \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar mevcuttur. Bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n hala \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan (Toynbee) devam ettirildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/span><\/p>\n Aristoteles gibi Hegel de \u201ckendisinde potansiyel olarak varolan\u0131 ger\u00e7eklik haline\u201d getirerek kendini geli\u015ftiren bir d\u00fcnya tini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durumda James Lovelock\u2019un Gaia hipotezi de Hegel kaynakl\u0131 bir fikir olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n Hegel d\u00fcnya tarihini \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bilincinin geli\u015fiminden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir. Bu ilerlemeci geli\u015fmeyi de \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlemi\u015ftir: \u201cDo\u011fu mitleri yaln\u0131zca bir tek ki\u015finin (teokratik y\u00f6netici) \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011funu bilirlerdi; Yunan ve Roma d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ise yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (aristokrasi); oysa biz t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr olduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz\u201d \u00d6te yandan Popper, Hegel\u2019in devleti kutsayan fikirlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc totaliter d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kurucusu oldu\u011funu iddia eder. Popper; fa\u015fist maya i\u00e7in form\u00fcl \u201cHegel + 19.yy materyalizmi\u201ddir der.<\/span><\/p>\n Modern filozoflar Kant\u2019\u0131n, Descartes ve Leibniz\u2019in ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Locke ve Hume\u2019un deneycili\u011fini birle\u015ftirerek felsefede bir Kopernik devrimi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki iddias\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla vurgularlar. Ger\u00e7ekte Kant \u00e7ok az \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendi ba\u015f\u0131na ampirik ger\u00e7eklik bilinmez bir \u015fey haline gelmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun ele\u015ftirel felsefesi, bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar bollu\u011fu sunmu\u015ftur. Hegel ise hem ak\u0131lc\u0131 hem de deneyci olan bir \u00e7e\u015fit felsefi antropoloji kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n Spinoza i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi Hegel\u2019in de bir idealist mi materyalist mi, bir teist mi ateist mi oldu\u011funa karar vermek hayli g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Spinoza gibi Hegel de \u201ctanr\u0131 sarho\u015fu\u201d bir filozof olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cRoma imparatorlu\u011funun despotizmi\u201d diye yazar Hegel, \u201c insan ruhunu d\u00fcnyadan kovdu ve insanlar\u0131n mutlulu\u011fu cennette aramaya ve ummaya zorlayan bir sefaleti yayd\u0131; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten yoksunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n ruhu, onlar\u0131n bu ebedi ve mutlak par\u00e7alar\u0131, tanr\u0131sall\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru ka\u00e7maya zorland\u0131\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Hegel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn ve dinin do\u011falc\u0131 yorumuna \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Masterson\u2019un belirtti\u011fi gibi \u201cMarksizm, pozitivizm ve varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ateizmin \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imleri yaln\u0131zca Hegel\u2019in tin felsefesine tepkiler de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ve daha derinlikli olarak, bu felsefenin i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015fsa da, ortaya konulmu\u015f b\u015fr ateizmin tedricen rafine edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Brian Morris\u2019in \u0130mge\u2019den 2004\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan Tayfun Atay terc\u00fcmesi Din \u00dczerine Antropolojik \u0130ncelemeler isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130deoloji Olarak Din ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yazar modern zamanlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyologundan biri kabul etti\u011fi Marx\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6zetleme niyetini ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bunu yapmadan \u00f6nce de Marx\u2019\u0131 \u015fekillendiren Hegel ve Feuerbach \u00fczerine \u00f6zet ama bir o kadar da dolu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[248],"tags":[85,77,136,111,22],"class_list":["post-1518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cesitli","tag-bati","tag-felsefe","tag-hegel","tag-modern","tag-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1518"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1521,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1518\/revisions\/1521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1518"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gokhanyorgancigil.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}